ABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características de los cementerios y el tratamiento higiénico de cadáveres durante las pandemias a través de la historia. Materiales y método: Es un estudio histórico que parte de la heurística y se combina con el criticismo para evaluar las fuentes utilizadas y responder al objetivo. El universo de trabajo se construyó con documentos del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Guadalajara sobre los panteones de esta ciudad y la revisión bibliográfica en bibliotecas y medios electrónicos relacionados con el tema. Resultados: Las inhumaciones estuvieron a cargo de la iglesia al principio, por razones médico-sanitarias, se trasladaron a orillas de las ciudades en el siglo XIX, y durante el siglo XX se construyeron otros más, quedando algunos dentro de la zona urbana. En 1785-1786, dejaban los cadáveres desnudos y amontonados a las puertas de las iglesias. Se pedía dejarlos en puntos específicos debido a su riesgo para la salud pública. Los cadáveres eran trasladados en cajas de madera cerradas para evitar más contagios. Actualmente, durante la pandemia en México, cada estado ha tomado estrategias para el control de contagios. El gobierno de Jalisco ha conformado la Comisión Interinstitucional de Manejo de Cadáveres por COVID-19, y la aplicación de normas de bioseguridad tanto en hospitales como fuera de ellos. Conclusiones: La evolución de los panteones de Guadalajara, ha dependido de asuntos sociales y de salud, vinculado a intereses económicos, políticos y religiosos. A pesar de las normas establecidas, los panteones han quedado dentro de la zona urbana en consecuencia al crecimiento poblacional, su ubicación geográfica representa una situación crítica, de ahí la importancia del control sanitario y normas de bioseguridad en el manejo de cadáveres.
Abstract Objective. To describe the characteristics of cemeteries and the hygienic treatment of corpses during pandemics throughout history. Materials and method. It is a historical study that starts from Heuristics and it is combined with Criticism to evaluate the sources used and respond to the objective. The universe of work was done with documents from the Guadalajara Municipal Historical Archive on the pantheons of this city and the bibliographic review in libraries and electronic media related to the subject. Results The burials were in charge of the church at first, for medical-sanitary reasons, they moved to the cities' borders in the 19th century, and during the 20th century others were built, some remained within the urban area.1785-1786 The bodies were left naked and piled up at the churches doors. They were asked to leave them at specific points due to their risk to public health. The bodies were transported in closed wooden boxes to avoid further contagion. Currently, during the pandemic in Mexico, each state has adopted strategies for contagion control. Jalisco's government has formed the Inter- institutional Commission for the Management of Dead Bodies by COVID-19, and the application of biosafety regulations both in and outside hospitals. Conclusions. The evolution of the pantheons of Guadalajara has depended on social and health issues, linked to economic, political and religious interests. Despite the established norms, the pantheons have remained within the urban area due to population growth, their geographical location represents a critical situation, hence the importance of sanitary control and biosafety standards in the management of corpses.
ABSTRACT
Abstract This study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties of a repair material in the Brazilian market, BioMTA, in comparison to other two materials currently in use (Biodentine and MTA Angelus). The initial setting time was evaluated using Gillmore needle. The pH was measured with a pH-meter after 24 h, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. The radiopacity was determined using the equivalence in millimeters of aluminum (mm Al) from digitized occlusal radiographs. Solubility was determined after immersion in water for 7 days. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (a=0.05). The BioMTA initial setting time (5.2 min) was lower than the other materials (p<0.05). All materials showed an alkaline pH at 21 days. At 24 h, BioMTA was the most alkaline material (p<0.05); and at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days there was no difference between BioMTA and Biodentine (p>0.05), both being more alkaline than MTA Angelus (p<0.05). The radiopacity of BioMTA (4.2 mm Al) was significantly higher compared to Biodentine (p<0.05) and lower than MTA Angelus (p<0.05). The solubility of the materials was -4.2%, -1.6% and 4.1% for BioMTA, MTA Angelus and Biodentine, respectively, with a significant difference between them (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that BioMTA displayed a shorter setting time, an alkaline pH, a higher radiopacity, and a gain in mass.
Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas de um material reparador disponível no mercado brasileiro, BioMTA, em comparação com outros dois materiais atualmente em uso (Biodentine e MTA Angelus). O tempo de presa inicial foi avaliado usando a agulha de Gillmore. O pH foi medido com um pH-metro após 24 h, 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias. A radiopacidade foi determinada aplicando a equivalência em milímetros de alumínio (mm Al) de radiografias oclusais digitalizadas. A solubilidade foi determinada após imersão em água por 7 dias. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos testes ANOVA de uma via e Tukey (a=0,05). O tempo de presa inicial do BioMTA (5,2 min) foi menor do que os outros materiais (p<0,05). Todos os materiais apresentaram pH alcalino aos 21 dias. Às 24 h, o BioMTA foi o material mais alcalino (p<0,05); e aos 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias não houve diferença entre BioMTA e Biodentine (p>0,05), sendo ambos mais alcalinos que MTA Angelus (p<0,05). A radiopacidade do BioMTA (4,2 mm Al) foi significativamente maior em comparação ao Biodentine (p<0,05) e menor que o MTA Angelus (p<0,05). A solubilidade dos materiais foi de -4,2%, -1,6% e 4,1% para BioMTA, MTA Angelus e Biodentine, respectivamente, havendo diferença significativa entre eles (p<0,05). Portanto, pode-se concluir que o BioMTA apresentou um menor tempo de presa, pH alcalino, uma alta radiopacidade e um ganho em massa.
Subject(s)
Root Canal Filling Materials , Silicates , Oxides , Solubility , Acrylic Resins , Materials Testing , Brazil , Water , Calcium Compounds , Aluminum Compounds , Drug CombinationsABSTRACT
O presente artigo descreve um caso incomum de canino superior direito com duas raízes. Esse é o quarto caso relatado na literatura. Paciente do sexo feminino, 66 anos de idade, foi encaminhada para tratamento endodôntico do dente #13. A avaliação clínica mostrou que o dente #13 não apresentava resposta após o teste de vitalidade. Radiografias foram realizadas e revelaram que o dente #13 apresentava duas raízes. Em seguida, a paciente foi submetida a tratamento endodôntico. Esse relato de caso é relevante porque descreve uma variação anatômica rara, mas que pode se apresentar na clínica. Por tal motivo, o dentista precisa ter domínio da anatomia normal dos dentes para realizar corretamente o tratamento endodôntico, assim como conhecer as possíveis variações anatômicas, e analisar minuciosamente a radiografia de diagnóstico para ter uma noção individualizada da anatomia do dente a tratar (AU).
This paper describes an unusual case of right maxillary canine with two roots. This is the fourth finding that has been reported in the literature. A 66-year-old female patient was referred to endodontic treatment in the tooth #13. Clinical evaluation showed that tooth #13 presented no response after the vitality test. Radiographs were taken and revealed that the tooth #13 presented two roots. Then, the patient was submitted to endodontic treatment. This case report is relevant because it describes an atypical anatomical variation, but with possible occurrence in endodontic clinical. For this reason, the dentist needs to have knowledge of the normal anatomy of the teeth to correctly perform the endodontic treatment, as well as to know the possible anatomical variations, and to thoroughly analyze the diagnostic radiography to have an individualized notion of the anatomy of the tooth to be treated (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Root Canal Therapy , Radiography , Cuspid , Dentists , Root Canal Obturation , Therapeutics , Diagnosis , Endodontics , MotivationABSTRACT
Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre factores de riesgo y la ocurrencia de enfermedades, accidentes y ausentismo laboral en trabajadores formales. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva usando dos fuentes de información: registro de evaluaciones ocupacionales preventivas y de episodios de accidentes y enfermedades laborales (2009-2012). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de variables de salud y de factores de riesgo. Regresiones logísticas para la ocurrencia de enfermedades y accidentes. Se usó una regresión Poisson-cero-inflado para el ausentismo laboral. Resultados: los > 60 años tienen un exceso de riesgo de enfermedad laboral (OR-ajustada 19,18 respecto a < 30 años) y los sedentarios una OR-ajustada 1,75. Los < 30 años tienen una OR-ajustada de 1,38, los que tienen circunferencia de cintura (CC) superior a la recomendada una OR-ajustada de 1,31 y los sedentarios 1,23 para la probabilidad de accidentes de trabajo. Las mujeres tienen una OR-ajustada 1,99 y CC-superior 1,29 para la probabilidad de accidente de trayecto. Ser mujer (IRR 1,45), tener > 60 años (IRR 2,69), trabajar en actividades inmobiliarias (IRR 2,37) y en explotación de minas (IRR 2,38), tienen una probabilidad mayor de más días de ausentismo. Conclusiones: Factores no modificables (sexo y edad), junto con factores modificables, como el sedentarismo y el estado nutricional, contribuyen a eventos laborales no deseados.
Objective: To determine the association among lifestyle-related risk factors and the occurrence of occupational diseases, accidents and absenteeism in a cohort of formal workers. Method: A retrospective cohort study was carried out by using two information sources: a registry of preventive occupational evaluations and another registry of episodes of occupational accidents and diseases (2009-2012). A descriptive analysis was performed of health variables and risk factors. Logistic regressions were used to calculate the likelihood of occupational accidents and diseases and a zero-inflated Poisson regression was used to model occupational absenteeism. Results: A total of 47.221 workers were included, of which 86,3% were men. The mean follow-up was 1,96 years. Workers aged >60 years had an excess risk of occupational diseases, with an OR of 19.18 compared with workers aged <30 years, while sedentary workers had an OR of 1,75. The likelihood of occupational accidents was higher in workers younger than 30 years (OR 1,38), those with a waist circumference (WC) higher than recommended (OR 1,31) and those who were sedentary (OR 1,23). Women had an OR of 1.99 and those with a WC higher than recommended had an OR of 1,29 for the likelihood of a commuting accident to and from work. Female sex (IRR 1,45), age >60 years (IRR 2,69), and working in the property sector (IRR 2,37) and in mining (IRR 2,38) conferred a higher probability of absenteeism. Conclusions: Unmodifiable factors (age and sex), as well as modifiable factors, such as sedentariness and nutritional status, contribute to undesired occupational events.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Accidents, Occupational/statistics & numerical data , Absenteeism , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Chile , Probability , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Occupational Health , Age Factors , Tobacco Use , Motor ActivityABSTRACT
Background: Extremely poor people have more problems to have access to social networks and health care. Aim: To evaluate the access to health services and the perception about these services of adults living in conditions of extreme poverty. Material and methods: A survey was applied to 361 people living in slums aged 15 to 77 years (83 percent females), that were living in these conditions for a mean of 11 years. Twenty six in-depth interviews were also performed to prototypical subjects living in extreme poverty. Results: Ten percent of subjects were illiterate. Sixty two percent were unsatisfied with their access to health services and 32 percent were not registered in primary health clinics. Among children of less than 6 years of age, 22 percent were delayed in their vaccination schedule and 32 percent were not withdrawing the milk delivered by the complementary feeding program of the clinic. The qualitative analysis revealed that the lack of access to health care is associated with the feeling of exclusion, mutual distrust and lack of resolution of health problems. Conclusions: People living in extreme poverty are distrustful and perceive obstacles to have access to the health care system.